Stem cell-derived exosomes have the biological functions of reducing apoptosis, alleviating inflammation, promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting fibrosis, and enhancing the potential for tissue regeneration and repair, and have demonstrated strong repair and regeneration， and protection capabilities in skin repair, anti-aging, cardiovascular, tissue repair, musculoskeletal system, liver and kidney injuries, which is expected to become an emerging repair tool for regenerative medicine's "cell-free" therapy. It is expected to become an emerging repair tool for regenerative medicine "cell-free" therapy.

Plant exosomes are small nanosized vesicles secreted by plant cells, carrying proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, etc., which play an important role in intercellular material exchange and information transfer. Most of the plant exosomes are derived from edible plants and or herbs, which are safe, reliable, with few side effects and mostly edible, and have great research and application potentials in the fields of drug delivery, skin care and anti-aging, and food health care.

293 cells belong to the human renal epithelial cell line, and there are a variety of derivatives, such as HEK293, 293T/17, etc., which rarely express endogenous receptors required for extracellular ligands and are relatively easy to transfect, and are commonly used cell line for the expression of genes of exogenous origin for research.293 cells have a high degree of proliferative and exosome-producing capacity and are engineered to produce exosomes with specific functions.

Immune cell-derived exosomes can mediate crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity to control cancer progression and metastasis. Immune cell-derived exosomes have dual effects on tumor cells - induced inhibition and active immune response. Thus, exosomes secreted by immune cells can play a role in cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy and may be used in areas such as vaccine development and drug delivery.

Milk-derived exosomes are rich in a variety of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other biologically active substances. It has been found that milk-derived exosomes have biological functions such as mediating cell communication, promoting cell proliferation and participating in immune responses.

Studies have reported that cancer cells secrete more than 10-fold more exosomes than normal cells, which are involved in cancer onset, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance, and establish a link to the tumor microenvironment by transporting proteins and nucleic acids. Tumor-derived exosomes have the potential to be applied as a biomarker to improve cancer therapeutic approaches. In addition, tumor cell-derived exosomes usually contain tumor antigen-activated antigen-presenting cells, so exosomes can be used for the development of tumor vaccines.

The earliest discovery of bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) dates back to the 1960s until 2007, when researchers isolated bacterial vesicles from Mycobacterium species, demonstrating for the first time that Gram-positive bacteria can also secrete extracellular vesicles.EVs are nano-sized lipid vesicles secreted by bacteria during growth, which carry proteins, nucleic acids, especially virulence factors and immunomodulatory factors for interspecies information exchange and substance exchange with the host.EVs not only affect a variety of biological processes, but also show high potential for vaccine and anticancer drug development. EVs are nano-sized lipid vesicles secreted by bacteria during growth, carrying proteins, nucleic acids, especially virulence factors and immunomodulators, and exchanging information and materials between species, within species, and with their hosts, etc. EVs not only affect a variety of biological processes, but also show great value in the development of vaccines and anticancer drugs.

Exosomes are widely present in the body fluids of organisms (blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, etc.) and reflect the physiology and pathology of the cells from which they originate, which makes them very promising as new biomarkers in the field of disease diagnosis.

Stem cell-derived exosomes contain the bioactive substances of stem cells and are expected to replace stem cells in performing important biological functions such as organ and tissue damage repair. Moreover, engineering exosomes is expected to enable the development of new drugs and change the conventional method of drug delivery. The engineering of exosomes is expected to lead to the development of new drugs and change the conventional method of drug delivery, which has great potential in the treatment of various diseases (e.g., cardiomyopathy, cancer, and neurological disorders).

Exosomes have significant potential in the diagnosis, treatment，and prognostic monitoring of diseases because they carry a large number of specific proteins as well as functional DNA, mRNAs, miRNAs, etc., and are widely present in multiple body fluids.

Exosomes have been proven and have the advantages of good tolerability, low immunogenicity, low toxicity, and can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). As drug carriers, they can be artificially loaded with proteins, nucleic acids and small molecule drugs to effectively deliver drugs to the appropriate sites, improving the efficiency of patient medication and reducing the frequency of drug administration.

In the context of regenerative medicine, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been the subject of extensive research due to their potential therapeutic applications. MSC-derived exosomes have been demonstrated to have the ability to promote tissue regeneration, modulate immune responses, and accelerate healing processes.

Exosomes usually carry RNA, proteins and lipids from the parental cells, and also express surface proteins and receptor proteins from the parental cells, therefore they have an advantage in targeting cells of the same tissue. In addition, exosomes can be modified to express specific proteins or peptides on their surface to enhance their targeting properties, making exosomes natural vaccine delivery vehicles.

Exosomes can activate the regeneration of human cells, slow down cellular aging, and promote the enhancement of human function. Stem cell exosomes can remotely target the regulation of cell repair, growth and differentiation, effectively inhibit cellular aging, effective operation of nutrients penetrate the cells, participate in cell renewal, skin conditioning, and improve skin quality, so that the skin to restore a young, healthy state.

Compared to surgical medical aesthetic programs that are difficult to operate, traumatic, have long recovery periods, higher risk, and other factors, non-surgical medical aesthetic programs are relatively simple to operate, low risk, low cost, less traumatic, shorter recovery time, and therefore are also known as light medical aesthetics. Currently, exosome products in the field of medical aesthetics are dominated by medical liquid dressings, functional skin care products such as lyophilized powder, and light medical aesthetic products like injections.

Fruits, vegetables, and milk-derived exosomes are rich in a variety of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other biologically active substances. Part of the exosomes derived from medicinal plants to maintain the pharmacological activity of its parent, which greatly broadens the path of exosomes in the field of food health care and pharmaceuticals.